On the relation of optical obscuration and X-ray absorption in Seyfert galaxies

TL;DR

This study investigates the relationship between optical obscuration and X-ray absorption in Seyfert galaxies, demonstrating that with proper classification and methods, these properties can be consistently correlated, revealing insights into dust and gas properties in AGNs.

Contribution

The paper introduces a consistent approach to compare optical obscuration and X-ray absorption in Seyfert galaxies, clarifying their relationship and the role of dust and gas properties.

Findings

Good agreement between optical and X-ray classifications when using a specific N_H threshold.

N_H/A_V ratio is approximately Galactic or higher, indicating dust and gas properties similar to or exceeding Galactic levels.

Variability in X-ray columns can explain deviations from the Galactic N_H/A_V ratio.

Abstract

The optical classification of a Seyfert galaxy and whether it is considered X-ray absorbed are often used interchangeably. But there are many borderline cases and also numerous examples where the optical and X-ray classifications appear to be in conflict. In this article we re-visit the relation between optical obscuration and X-ray absorption in AGNs. We make use of our "dust color" method (Burtscher et al. 2015) to derive the optical obscuration A_V and consistently estimated X-ray absorbing columns using 0.3--150 keV spectral energy distributions. We also take into account the variable nature of the neutral gas column N_H and derive the Seyfert sub-classes of all our objects in a consistent way. We show in a sample of 25 local, hard-X-ray detected Seyfert galaxies (log L_X / (erg/s) ~ 41.5 - 43.5) that there can actually be a good agreement between optical and X-ray classification. If Seyfert types 1.8 and 1.9 are considered unobscured, the threshold between X-ray unabsorbed and absorbed should be chosen at a column N_H = 10^22.3 / cm^2 to be consistent with the optical classification. We find that N_H is related to A_V and that the N_H/A_V ratio is approximately Galactic or higher in all sources, as indicated previously. But in several objects we also see that deviations from the Galactic ratio are only due to a variable X-ray column, showing that (1) deviations from the Galactic N_H/A_V can simply be explained by dust-free neutral gas within the broad line region in some sources, that (2) the dust properties in AGNs can be similar to Galactic dust and that (3) the dust color method is a robust way to estimate the optical extinction towards the sublimation radius in all but the most obscured AGNs.