Quadratic nonresidues below the Burgess bound

TL;DR

This paper improves bounds on the size of quadratic nonresidues modulo primes, extending Burgess's classical results with stronger estimates and broader applicability for the distribution of nonresidues.

Contribution

It establishes a sharper upper bound for the k-th quadratic nonresidue and demonstrates the abundance of nonresidues with specified Legendre symbol for large ranges.

Findings

Proves a new bound for the k-th nonresidue involving exponential factors.

Shows the existence of many quadratic residues and nonresidues within certain ranges.

Extends classical results by Burgess with improved estimates.

Abstract

For any odd prime number $p$, let $(\cdot|p)$ be the Legendre symbol, and let $n_1(p)<n_2(p)<\cdots$ be the sequence of positive nonresidues modulo $p$, i.e., $(n_k|p)=-1$ for each $k$. In 1957, Burgess showed that the upper bound $n_1(p)\ll_\epsilon p^{(4\sqrt{e})^{-1}+\epsilon}$ holds for any fixed $\epsilon>0$. In this paper, we prove that the stronger bound $$ n_k(p)\ll p^{(4\sqrt{e})^{-1}}\exp\big(\sqrt{e^{-1}\log p\log\log p}\,\big) $$ holds for all odd primes $p$, where the implied constant is absolute, provided that $$ k\le p^{(8\sqrt{e})^{-1}} \exp\big(\tfrac12\sqrt{e^{-1}\log p\log\log p}-\tfrac12\log\log p\big). $$ For fixed $\epsilon\in(0,\frac{\pi-2}{9\pi-2}]$ we also show that there is a number $c=c(\epsilon)>0$ such that for all odd primes $p$ and either choice of $\theta\in\{\pm 1\}$, there are $\gg_\epsilon y/(\log y)^\epsilon$ natural numbers $n\le y$ with $(n|p)=\theta$ provided that $$ y\ge p^{(4\sqrt{e})^{-1}}\exp\big(c(\log p)^{1-\epsilon}\big). $$