On the Existence of Tree Backbones that Realize the Chromatic Number on a Backbone Coloring

TL;DR

This paper proves that every connected graph has a spanning tree with a backbone coloring number equal to the graph's chromatic number or close to it, extending previous results and confirming a conjecture for planar graphs.

Contribution

It establishes the existence of a spanning tree in any connected graph that realizes the backbone chromatic number equal to the maximum of the chromatic number and a related bound, solving a longstanding open problem.

Findings

Existence of a generating tree with optimal backbone coloring number.

Every connected nonbipartite planar graph has a spanning tree with backbone chromatic number 4.

Generalization of previous partial results and confirmation of a conjecture.

Abstract

A proper $k$-coloring of a graph $G=(V,E)$ is a function $c: V(G)\to \{1,\ldots,k\}$ such that $c(u)\neq c(v)$, for every $uv\in E(G)$. The chromatic number $\chi(G)$ is the minimum $k$ such that there exists a proper $k$-coloring of $G$. Given a spanning subgraph $H$ of $G$, a $q$-backbone $k$-coloring of $(G,H)$ is a proper $k$-coloring $c$ of $V(G)$ such that $\lvert c(u)-c(v)\rvert \ge q$, for every edge $uv\in E(H)$. The $q$-backbone chromatic number $BBC_q(G,H)$ is the smallest $k$ for which there exists a $q$-backbone $k$-coloring of $(G,H)$. In this work, we show that every connected graph $G$ has a generating tree $T$ such that $BBC_q(G,T) = \max\{\chi(G),\left\lceil\frac{\chi(G)}{2}\right\rceil+q\}$, and that this value is the best possible. As a direct consequence, we get that every connected graph $G$ has a spanning tree $T$ for which $BBC_2(G,T)=\chi(G)$, if $\chi(G)\ge 4$, or $BBC_2(G,T)=\chi(G)+1$, otherwise. Thus, by applying the Four Color Theorem, we have that every connected nonbipartite planar graph $G$ has a spanning tree $T$ such that $BBC_2(G,T)=4$. This settles a question by Wang, Bu, Montassier and Raspaud (2012), and generalizes a number of previous partial results to their question.