Planck intermediate results. XL. The Sunyaev-Zeldovich signal from the Virgo cluster

TL;DR

This study uses Planck data to analyze the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect in the Virgo cluster, revealing extended gas structures beyond the X-ray observed regions and providing insights into the cluster's outskirts and surrounding intergalactic medium.

Contribution

First detailed SZ analysis of the Virgo cluster with Planck, showing extended gas beyond X-ray limits and comparing observations with models and simulations.

Findings

Virgo's SZ signal extends beyond X-ray emission.

Gas in outskirts consistent with simple pressure models.

Supports presence of warm/hot intergalactic medium around Virgo.

Abstract

The Virgo cluster is the largest Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) source in the sky, both in terms of angular size and total integrated flux. Planck's wide angular scale and frequency coverage, together with its high sensitivity, allow a detailed study of this large object through the SZ effect. Virgo is well resolved by Planck, showing an elongated structure, which correlates well with the morphology observed from X-rays, but extends beyond the observed X-ray signal. We find a good agreement between the SZ signal (or Compton paranmeter, y_c) observed by Planck and the expected signal inferred from X-ray observations and simple analytical models. Due to its proximity to us, the gas beyond the virial radius can be studied with unprecedented sensitivity by integrating the SZ signal over tens of square degrees. We study the signal in the outskirts of Virgo and compare it with analytical models and a constrained simulation of the environment of Virgo. Planck data suggest that significant amounts of low-density plasma surround Virgo out to twice the virial radius. We find the SZ signal in the outskirts of Virgo to be consistent with a simple model that extrapolates the inferred pressure at lower radii while assuming that the temperature stays in the keV range beyond the virial radius. The observed signal is also consistent with simulations and points to a shallow pressure profile in the outskirts of the cluster. This reservoir of gas at large radii can be linked with the hottest phase of the elusive warm/hot intergalactic medium. Taking the lack of symmetry of Virgo into account, we find that a prolate model is favoured by the combination of SZ and X-ray data, in agreement with predictions.