Ubiquitous Time Variability of Integrated Stellar Populations

TL;DR

This study models the impact of long period variable stars on galaxy light variability, revealing their significant influence and providing new constraints on stellar evolution in old, metal-rich populations like M87.

Contribution

The paper introduces time-dependent stellar population models that incorporate long period variable stars and demonstrates their effects in a real galaxy, M87.

Findings

Detected pixel-level variability consistent with model predictions

Constrained the lifetime of long period variables to be ~30% shorter than existing models

Validated the importance of including variable stars in galaxy spectral energy distribution models

Abstract

Long period variable stars arise in the final stages of the asymptotic giant branch phase of stellar evolution. They have periods of up to ~1000d and amplitudes that can exceed a factor of three in the I-band flux. These stars pulsate predominantly in their fundamental mode, which is a function of mass and radius, and so the pulsation periods are sensitive to the age of the underlying stellar population. The overall number of long period variables in a population is directly related to their lifetime, which is difficult to predict from first principles because of uncertainties associated with stellar mass-loss and convective mixing. The time variability of these stars has not been previously taken into account when modeling the spectral energy distributions of galaxies. Here we construct time-dependent stellar population models that include the effects of long period variable stars, and report the ubiquitous detection of this expected `pixel shimmer' in the massive metal-rich galaxy M87. The pixel light curves display a variety of behaviors, including linearly rising and falling curves, semi-periodic curves, and sudden increases or decreases in the flux level. The observed variation of 0.1-1% is very well matched to the predictions of our models. The data provide a strong and novel constraint on the properties of variable stars in an old and metal-rich stellar population, and we infer that the lifetime of long period variables in M87 is shorter by approximately 30% compared to predictions from the latest stellar evolution models.