Physical origin of nonequilibrium fluctuation-induced forces in fluids

TL;DR

This paper investigates the physical mechanisms behind long-range nonequilibrium fluctuation-induced forces in fluids, identifying mode coupling as the dominant contributor over noise inhomogeneity.

Contribution

It clarifies the origin of nonequilibrium Casimir-like forces, demonstrating that mode coupling effects are significantly stronger than noise inhomogeneity.

Findings

Fluctuation-induced forces from mode coupling are several orders of magnitude larger.

Two mechanisms for long-range fluctuations are identified: mode coupling and noise inhomogeneity.

Mode coupling dominates the fluctuation-induced forces in fluids under gradients.

Abstract

Long-range thermal fluctuations appear in fluids in nonequilibrium states leading to fluctuation-induced Casimir-like forces. Two distinct mechanisms have been identified for the origin of the long-range nonequilibrium fluctuations in fluids subjected to a temperature or concentration gradient. One is a coupling between the heat or mass-diffusion mode with a viscous mode in fluids subjected to a temperature or concentration gradient. Another one is the spatial inhomogeneity of thermal noise in the presence of a gradient. We show that in fluids fluctuation-induced forces arising from mode coupling are several orders of magnitude larger than those from inhomogeneous noise.