Swift Observations of Gamma-Ray Burst Pulse Shapes: GRB Pulse Spectral Evolution Clarified

TL;DR

This paper analyzes Swift gamma-ray burst pulses, revealing their three-peaked structure and spectral evolution, and shows that energy injection occurs three times during a pulse, challenging previous classifications.

Contribution

It provides a detailed spectral and temporal analysis of isolated GRB pulses, highlighting their triple-peaked shape and complex spectral evolution, which were not fully understood before.

Findings

GRB pulses have a three-peaked structure with distinct spectral features.

Hard-to-soft evolution dominates, especially in asymmetric pulses.

Energy injection occurs at three separate times during a pulse.

Abstract

Isolated Swift gamma-ray burst (GRB) pulses, like their higher-energy BATSE counterparts, emit the bulk of their pulsed emission as a hard-to-soft component that can be fitted by the Norris et al. (2005) empirical pulse model. This signal is overlaid by a fainter, three-peaked signal that can be modeled by an empirical wave-like function (Hakkila and Preece, 2014): the two fits combine to reproduce GRB pulses with distinctive three-peaked shapes. The precursor peak appears on or before the pulse rise and is often the hardest component, the central peak is the brightest, and the decay peak converts exponentially decaying emission into a long, soft, power-law tail. Accounting for systematic instrumental differences, the general characteristics of the fitted pulses are remarkably similar. Isolated GRB pulses are dominated by hard-to-soft evolution; this is more pronounced for asymmetric pulses than for symmetric ones. Isolated GRB pulses can also exhibit intensity tracking behaviors that, when observed, are tied to the timing of the three peaks: pulses with the largest maximum hardnesses are hardest during the precursor, those with smaller maximum hardnesses are hardest during the central peak, and all pulses can re-harden during the central peak and/or during the decay peak. Since these behaviors are essentially seen in all isolated pulses, the distinction between "hard-to-soft" and "intensity-tracking" pulses really no longer applies. Additionally, the triple-peaked nature of isolated GRB pulses seems to indicate that energy is injected on three separate occasions during the pulse duration: theoretical pulse models need to account for this.