The primordial deuterium abundance: subDLA system at $z_{\rm abs}=2.437$ towards the QSO J1444+2919

TL;DR

This paper reports a new measurement of primordial deuterium in a low-metallicity system, refining the estimate of the universe's baryon density and discussing implications for cosmology and the lithium problem.

Contribution

It presents a new D/H measurement in a sub-DLA system, expands the sample of primordial deuterium estimates, and discusses the impact on cosmological parameters and models.

Findings

New D/H measurement in a low-metallicity system.

Unweighted mean D/H value aligns with CMB predictions.

Derived baryon density and photon-to-baryon ratio consistent with standard cosmology.

Abstract

We report a new detection of neutral deuterium in the sub Damped Lyman Alpha system with low metallicity [O/H]\,=\,$-2.042 \pm 0.005$ at $z_{\rm abs}=2.437$ towards QSO~J\,1444$+$2919. The hydrogen column density in this system is log$N$(H\,{\sc i})~$=19.983\pm0.010$ and the measured value of deuterium abundance is log(D/H)~$=-4.706\pm0.007_{\rm stat}\pm0.067_{\rm syst}$. This system meets the set of strict selection criteria stated recently by Cooke et al. and, therefore, widens the {\it Precision Sample} of D/H. However, possible underestimation of systematic errors can bring bias into the mean D/H value (especially if use a weighted mean). Hence, it might be reasonable to relax these selection criteria and, thus, increase the number of acceptable absorption systems with measured D/H values. In addition, an unweighted mean value might be more appropriate to describe the primordial deuterium abundance. The unweighted mean value of the whole D/H data sample available to date (15 measurements) gives a conservative value of the primordial deuterium abundance (D/H)$_{\rm p}=(2.55\pm 0.19)\times10^{-5}$ which is in good agreement with the prediction of analysis of the cosmic microwave background radiation for the standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis. By means of the derived (D/H)$_{\rm p}$ value the baryon density of the Universe $\Omega_{\rm b}h^2=0.0222\pm0.0013$ and the baryon-to-photon ratio $\eta_{10} = 6.09\pm 0.36$ have been deduced. These values have confident intervals which are less stringent than that obtained for the {\it Precision Sample} and, thus, leave a broader window for new physics. The latter is particularly important in the light of the lithium problem.