A Recount of Sunspot Groups on Staudach's Drawings

TL;DR

This study reanalyzed over 1100 historical sunspot drawings by Staudach, applying modern grouping methods, revealing higher sunspot group counts than previous records, and exploring the impact of antique telescope limitations.

Contribution

The paper provides a revised count of sunspot groups from Staudach's drawings using modern grouping techniques, highlighting the influence of telescope quality on historical observations.

Findings

Staudach's sunspot group count is 25% higher than Wolf's original count.

Average spots per group in Staudach's data is about 2, indicating possible telescope limitations.

Ongoing experiments aim to calibrate antique telescope observations to modern standards.

Abstract

We have examined the more than 1100 drawings of the solar disk made by the German astronomy amateur Johann Caspar Staudach during 1749-1799 and counted the spots on each image. Using the modern perception of how to group spots into active regions we regrouped the spots as a modern observer would. The resulting number of groups was found to be on average 25% higher than the first count of groups performed by Wolf in 1857, and used by Hoyt and Schatten in their construction of the Group Sunspot Number. Compared to other observers at the time, Staudach's drawings have a very low average number, ~2, of spots per group, possibly indicating an inferior telescope likely suffering from spherical and chromatic aberration as would typical of amateur telescopes of the day. We have initiated an ongoing project aiming at observing sunspots with antique telescopes having similar defects in order to determine the factor necessary to bring the Staudach observations onto a modern scale.