Nonlinear microwave photon-occupancy of a driven resonator strongly coupled to a transmon qubit

TL;DR

This study measures photon occupancy in a superconducting resonator coupled to a transmon qubit, revealing nonlinear behavior at low photon numbers due to Jaynes-Cummings nonlinearity, with results matching numerical and semi-classical models.

Contribution

First experimental observation of nonlinear photon occupancy in a strongly coupled transmon-resonator system at low photon numbers, supported by quantitative modeling.

Findings

Photon occupancy exhibits nonlinear dependence on drive power for ar{n} < 5.

Well-resolved photon number-state peaks observed in transmon spectrum.

Good agreement between experimental data and theoretical models.

Abstract

We measure photon-occupancy in a thin-film superconducting lumped element resonator coupled to a transmon qubit at 20$\,$mK and find a nonlinear dependence on the applied microwave power. The transmon-resonator system was operated in the strong dispersive regime, where the ac Stark shift ($2\chi$) due to a single microwave photon present in the resonator was larger than the linewidth ($\Gamma$) of the qubit transition. When the resonator was coherently driven at $5.474325\,$GHz, the transition spectrum of the transmon at $4.982\,$GHz revealed well-resolved peaks, each corresponding to an individual photon number-state of the resonator. From the relative peak-heights we obtain the occupancy of the photon-states and the average photon-occupancy $\bar{n}$ of the resonator. We observed a nonlinear variation of $\bar{n}$ with the applied drive power $P_{rf}$ for $\bar{n} < 5$ and compare our results to numerical simulations of the system-bath master equation in the steady state, as well as to a semi-classical model for the resonator that includes the Jaynes-Cummings interaction between the transmon and the resonator. We find good quantitative agreement using both models and analysis reveals that the nonlinear behavior is principally due to shifts in the resonant frequency caused by a qubit-induced Jaynes-Cummings nonlinearity.