Cortical composition hierarchy driven by spine proportion economical maximization or wire volume minimization

TL;DR

This paper investigates the principles behind cortical composition, proposing that wire volume minimization or spine economy maximization can explain the invariant proportions of cortical elements across species.

Contribution

It introduces a mathematical model of cortical microstructure and demonstrates that wire volume minimization or spine economy maximization principles can account for observed composition hierarchies.

Findings

Wire volume minimization aligns closely with empirical data.

Spine economy maximization provides robust cortical composition predictions.

A combined principle marginally improves results when spine economy dominates.

Abstract

The structure and quantitative composition of the cerebral cortex are interrelated with its computational capacity. Empirical data analyzed here indicate a certain hierarchy in local cortical composition. Specifically, neural wire, i.e., axons and dendrites take each about 1/3 of cortical space, spines and glia/astrocytes occupy each about $(1/3)^{2}$, and capillaries around $(1/3)^{4}$. Moreover, data analysis across species reveals that these fractions are roughly brain size independent, which suggests that they could be in some sense optimal and thus important for brain function. Is there any principle that sets them in this invariant way? This study first builds a model of local circuit in which neural wire, spines, astrocytes, and capillaries are mutually coupled elements and are treated within a single mathematical framework. Next, various forms of wire minimization rule (wire length, surface area, volume, or conduction delays) are analyzed, of which, only minimization of wire volume provides realistic results that are very close to the empirical cortical fractions. As an alternative, a new principle called "spine economy maximization" is proposed and investigated, which is associated with maximization of spine proportion in the cortex per spine size that yields equally good but more robust results. Additionally, a combination of wire cost and spine economy notions is considered as a meta-principle, and it is found that this proposition gives only marginally better results than either pure wire volume minimization or pure spine economy maximization, but only if spine economy component dominates. In sum, these results suggest that the new spine economy principle may be important for brain evolutionary design in a broader context.