Supermassive dark-matter Q-balls in galactic centers?

TL;DR

This paper proposes that supermassive objects in galactic centers could be giant Q-balls made of scalar fields, offering an alternative to black holes and linking to dark matter, with implications for galaxy formation and observations.

Contribution

It introduces the idea that supermassive dark-matter Q-balls can explain galactic center objects and dark matter properties, challenging the black hole paradigm.

Findings

Q-balls can fit observational data of galactic centers.

Dark-matter Q-balls may seed supermassive objects in galaxies.

Interactions between Q-balls could address dark matter problems.

Abstract

Though widely accepted, it is not proven that supermassive compact objects (SMCOs) residing in galactic centers are black holes. In particular, the Milky Way's SMCO can be a giant nontopological soliton, Q-ball, made of a scalar field: this fits perfectly all observational data. Similar but tiny Q-balls produced in the early Universe may constitute, partly or fully, the dark matter. This picture explains in a natural way, why our SMCO has very low accretion rate and why the observed angular size of the corresponding radio source is much smaller than expected. Interactions between dark-matter Q-balls may explain how SMCOs were seeded in galaxies and resolve well-known problems of standard (non-interacting) dark matter.