The impact of model detail on power grid resilience measures

TL;DR

This paper compares a detailed power grid model including voltage dynamics with the classical swing equation model, revealing significant differences in stability assessments and emphasizing the importance of voltage considerations for resilience measures.

Contribution

It introduces a more sophisticated power grid model with voltage dynamics and analyzes its impact on resilience measures like basin stability and survivability.

Findings

Voltage dynamics can destabilize some stable fixed points of the swing equation.

Basin stability estimates can be significantly inaccurate when voltage dynamics are considered.

Transient voltage bounds are less critical than frequency bounds for operational stability.

Abstract

Extreme events represent a challenge to natural as well as man-made systems. For critical infrastructure like power grids, we need to understand their resilience against large disturbances. Recently, new measures of the resilience of dynamical systems have been developed in the complex system literature. Basin stability and survivability respectively assess the asymptotic and transient behavior of a system when subjected to arbitrary, localized but large perturbations. To employ these methods to assess the resilience of power grids, we need to choose a model of the power grid. So far the most popular model that has been studied is the classical swing equation model for the frequency response of generators and motors. In this paper we study a more sophisticated model of synchronous machines that also takes voltage dynamics into account, and compare it to the previously studied model. This model has been found to give an accurate picture of the long term evolution of synchronous machines in the engineering literature for post fault studies. We find evidence that some stable fix points of the swing equation become unstable when we add voltage dynamics. If this occurs the asymptotic behavior of the system can be dramatically altered, and basin stability estimates obtained with the swing equation can be dramatically wrong. We also find that the survivability does not change significantly when taking the voltage dynamics into account. Further, the limit cycle type asymptotic behaviour is strongly correlated with transient voltages that violate typical operational voltage bounds. Thus, transient voltage bounds are dominated by transient frequency bounds and play no large role for realistic parameters.