A Further Property of Functions in Class ${\bf B}^{\boldsymbol(m)}$

TL;DR

This paper extends the class of functions for which the Levin–Sidi $D^{(m)}$-transformation can be effectively used to evaluate integrals, including compositions with functions in ${f A}^{(s)}$, broadening its applicability.

Contribution

It proves that the class ${f B}^{(m)}$ is closed under composition with functions in ${f A}^{(s)}$, expanding the scope of the $D^{(m)}$-transformation for integral evaluation.

Findings

The $D^{(m)}$-transformation applies to composed functions in ${f B}^{(m)}$ and ${f A}^{(s)}$.

Demonstrated effectiveness with specific integrals involving composed functions.

Enlarged the class of functions suitable for efficient integral evaluation.

Abstract

We say that a function $\alpha(x)$ belongs to the set ${\bf A}^{(\gamma)}$ if it has an asymptotic expansion of the form $\alpha(x)\sim \sum^\infty_{i=0}\alpha_ix^{\gamma-i}$ as $x\to\infty$, which can be differentiated term by term infinitely many times. A function $f(x)$ is in the class ${\bf B}^{(m)}$ if it satisfies a linear homogeneous differential equation of the form $f(x)=\sum^m_{k=1}p_k(x)f^{(k)}(x)$, with $p_k\in {\bf A}^{(i_k)}$, $i_k$ being integers satisfying $i_k\leq k$. These functions have been shown to have many interesting properties, and their integrals $\int^\infty_0 f(x)\,dx$, whether convergent or divergent, can be evaluated very efficiently via the Levin--Sidi $D^{(m)}$-transformation. (In case of divergence, they are defined in some summability sense, such as Abel summability or Hadamard finite part or a mixture of these two.) In this note, we show that if $f(x)$ is in ${\bf B}^{(m)}$, then so is $(f\circ g)(x)=f(g(x))$, where $g(x)>0$ for all large $x$ and $g\in {\bf A}^{(s)}$, $s$ being a positive integer. This enlarges the scope of the $D^{(m)}$-transformation considerably to include functions of complicated arguments. We demonstrate the validity of our result with an application of the $D^{(3)}$ transformation to two integrals $I[f]$ and $I[f\circ g]$, for some $f\in{\bf B}^{(3)}$ and $g\in{\bf A}^{(2)}$.