Deeply Embedded Protostellar Population in the 20 km s-1 Cloud of the Central Molecular Zone

TL;DR

This study uncovers a population of deeply embedded protostars in the 20 km s$^{-1}$ cloud of the Central Molecular Zone, revealing early-stage star formation through high-resolution submillimeter and maser observations.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed identification of embedded protostellar candidates and their properties in this specific CMZ cloud, highlighting early star formation activity.

Findings

Identification of 17 dense cores, 12 gravitationally bound.

Detection of 18 H$_2$O masers, 13 coinciding with cores.

Star formation likely triggered by tidal compression.

Abstract

We report the discovery of a population of deeply embedded protostellar candidates in the 20 km s$^{-1}$ cloud, one of the massive molecular clouds in the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) of the Milky Way, using interferometric submillimeter continuum and H$_2$O maser observations. The submillimeter continuum emission shows five 1-pc scale clumps, each of which further fragments into several 0.1-pc scale cores. We identify 17 dense cores, among which 12 are gravitationally bound. Among the 18 H$_2$O masers detected, 13 coincide with the cores and probably trace outflows emanating from the protostars. There are also 5 gravitationally bound dense cores without H$_2$O maser detection. In total the 13 masers and 5 cores may represent 18 protostars with spectral types later than B1 or potential growing more massive stars at earlier evolutionary stage, given the non-detection in the centimeter radio continuum. In combination with previous studies of CH$_3$OH masers, we conclude that the star formation in this cloud is at an early evolutionary phase, before the presence of any significant ionizing or heating sources. Our findings indicate that star formation in this cloud may be triggered by a tidal compression as it approaches pericenter, similar to the case of G0.253+0.016 but with a higher star formation rate, and demonstrate that high angular resolution, high sensitivity maser and submillimeter observations are a promising technique to unveil deeply embedded star formation in the CMZ.