The thermalization of a two-level atom in a planar dielectric system out of thermal equilibrium

TL;DR

This paper investigates how a two-level atom thermalizes near a dielectric slab out of thermal equilibrium, revealing conditions under which out-of-equilibrium effects are observable, and providing guidance for experimental verification.

Contribution

It demonstrates that finite-thickness dielectric slabs can mimic half-space behavior under certain conditions, clarifying when out-of-equilibrium effects influence atomic thermalization.

Findings

No out-of-thermal-equilibrium effects for nonabsorbing, nondispersive slabs.

Finite thickness slabs behave like half-space if a specific permittivity condition is met.

Guidelines for experimental verification of out-of-equilibrium fluctuation effects.

Abstract

We study the thermalization of an elementary quantum system modeled by a two-level atom interacting with stationary electromagnetic fields out of thermal equilibrium near a dielectric slab. The slab is held at a temperature different from that of the region where the atom is located. We find that when the slab is a nonabsorbing and nondispersive dielectric of a finite thickness $ d$, no out of thermal equilibrium effects appear as far as the thermalization of the atom is concerned, and a finite thick dielectric slab with a tiny imaginary part in the relative permittivity $\operatorname{Im} \epsilon$ behaves like a half space dielectric substrate if $\frac{\operatorname{Im} \epsilon}{\sqrt{\operatorname{Re}\epsilon-1}} \frac{d}{\lambda_0} > 1$ is satisfied, where $\lambda_0$ is the transition wavelength of the atom. This condition can serve as a guide for an experimental verification, using a dielectric substrate of a finite thickness, of the effects that arise from out of thermal equilibrium fluctuations with a half-space (infinite thickness) dielectric.