A Perspective on External Field QED

TL;DR

This paper reviews the external field QED model, addressing mathematical challenges like divergence and charge renormalization, and discusses constructing a well-defined evolution operator and charge current operators.

Contribution

It provides a rigorous mathematical framework for external field QED, including construction of the evolution operator and charge current operators, bridging physics and mathematics.

Findings

Construction of a well-defined evolution operator

Family of candidate charge current operators

Discussion on identifying the physical charge current

Abstract

In light of the conference Quantum Mathematical Physics held in Regensburg in 2014, we give our perspective on the external field problem in quantum electrodynamics (QED), i.e., QED without photons in which the sole interaction stems from an external, time-dependent, four-vector potential. Among others, this model was considered by Dirac, Schwinger, Feynman, and Dyson as a model to describe the phenomenon of electron-positron pair creation in regimes in which the interaction between electrons can be neglected and a mean field description of the photon degrees of freedom is valid (e.g., static field of heavy nuclei or lasers fields). Although it may appear as second easiest model to study, it already bares a severe divergence in its equations of motion preventing any straight-forward construction of the corresponding evolution operator. In informal computations of the vacuum polarization current this divergence leads to the need of the so-called charge renormalization. In an attempt to provide a bridge between physics and mathematics, this work gives a review ranging from the heuristic picture to our rigorous results in a way that is hopefully also accessible to non-experts and students. We discuss how the evolution operator can be constructed, how this construction yields well-defined and unique transition probabilities, and how it provides a family of candidates for charge current operators without the need of removing ill-defined quantities. We conclude with an outlook of what needs to be done to identify the physical charge current among this family.