Defining the Free-Energy Landscape of Curvature-Inducing Proteins on Membrane Bilayers

TL;DR

This paper introduces and compares three free-energy computational methods to analyze how curvature-inducing proteins interact with membrane bilayers, providing insights into membrane remodeling processes crucial for cell function.

Contribution

The study develops and validates a continuum framework using Monte Carlo simulations, especially highlighting the Widom test-particle method for mapping free-energy landscapes of membrane proteins.

Findings

Widom method effectively tracks morphological transitions.

Results align with thermodynamic integration and analytical calculations.

The approach quantifies phase boundaries for membrane curvature phenomena.

Abstract

Curvature-sensing and curvature-remodeling proteins are known to reshape cell membranes, and this remodeling event is essential for key biophysical processes such as tubulation, exocytosis, and endocytosis. Curvature-inducing proteins can act as curvature sensors as well as induce curvature in cell membranes to stabilize emergent high curvature, non-spherical, structures such as tubules, discs, and caveolae. A definitive understanding of the interplay between protein recruitment and migration, the evolution of membrane curvature, and membrane morphological transitions is emerging but remains incomplete. Here, within a continuum framework and using the machinery of Monte Carlo simulations, we introduce and compare three free-energy methods to delineate the free-energy landscape of curvature-inducing proteins on bilayer membranes. We demonstrate the utility of the Widom test-particle/field insertion methodology in computing the excess chemical potentials associated with curvature-inducing proteins on the membrane-- in particular, we use this method to track the onset of morphological transitions in the membrane at elevated protein densities. We validate this approach by comparing the results from the Widom method with those of thermodynamic integration and Bennett acceptance ratio methods. Furthermore, the predictions from the Widom method have been tested against analytical calculations of the excess chemical potential at infinite dilution. Our results are useful in precisely quantifying the free-energy landscape, and also in determining the phase boundaries associated with curvature-induction, curvature-sensing, and morphological transitions. This approach can be extended to studies exploring the role of thermal fluctuations and other external (control) variables, such as membrane excess area, in shaping curvature-mediated interactions on bilayer membranes.