Strong-field absorption and emission of radiation in two-electron systems calculated with time-dependent natural orbitals

TL;DR

This paper tests the time-dependent renormalized-natural-orbital theory (TDRNOT) for two-electron systems, demonstrating its ability to accurately reproduce complex phenomena like high-order harmonic generation and Fano profiles, surpassing some traditional methods.

Contribution

The paper introduces and validates TDRNOT as an effective method for modeling strong-field phenomena in two-electron systems, showing improvements over TDDFT and Hartree-Fock.

Findings

TDRNOT with one orbital per spin matches TDHF/TDDFT in simple cases.

Two orbitals per spin capture qualitative features like Fano profiles.

More orbitals (6-8 per spin) yield quantitative agreement.

Abstract

Recently introduced time-dependent renormalized-natural-orbital theory (TDRNOT) is based on the equations of motion for the so-called natural orbitals, i.e., the eigenfunctions of the one-body reduced density matrix. Exact TDRNOT can be formulated for any time-dependent two-electron system in either spin configuration. In this paper, the method is tested against high-order harmonic generation (HHG) and Fano profiles in absorption spectra with the help of a numerically exactly solvable one-dimensional model He atom, starting from the spin-singlet ground state. Such benchmarks are challenging because Fano profiles originate from transitions involving autoionizing states, and HHG is a strong-field phenomenon well beyond linear response. TDRNOT with just one natural orbital per spin in the helium spin-singlet case is equivalent to time-dependent Hartree-Fock or time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) in exact exchange-only approximation. It is not unexpected that TDDFT fails in reproducing Fano profiles due to the lack of doubly excited, autoionizing states. HHG spectra, on the other hand, are widely believed to be well-captured by TDDFT. However, HHG spectra of helium may display a second plateau that originates from simultaneous HHG in He$^+$ and neutral He. It is found that already TDRNOT with two natural orbitals per spin is sufficient to capture this effect as well as the Fano profiles on a qualitative level. With more natural orbitals (6--8 per spin) quantitative agreement can be reached. Errors due to the truncation to a finite number of orbitals are identified.