On type IIn/Ia-CSM supernovae as exemplified by SN 2012ca

TL;DR

This study presents detailed observations of SN 2012ca, a supernova with ambiguous classification, suggesting it is more likely a core-collapse supernova based on its energetics and interaction with dense circumstellar material.

Contribution

The paper provides comprehensive UV, optical, and near-infrared data for SN 2012ca and analyzes its nature, proposing it is more consistent with a core-collapse supernova rather than a thermonuclear type Ia.

Findings

SN 2012ca's spectra remain unchanged over 1.5 years, dominated by CSM interaction.

Late-phase IR excess suggests possible dust formation without line shifts.

Energetic analysis favors a core-collapse origin over a thermonuclear explosion.

Abstract

We present the complete set of ultra-violet, optical and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy for SN 2012ca, covering the period from 6~days prior to maximum light, until 531 days after maximum. The spectroscopic time series for SN 2012ca is essentially unchanged over 1.5 years, and appear to be dominated at all epochs by signatures of interaction with a dense circumstellar medium rather than the underlying supernova (SN). At late phases, we see a near infrared excess in flux which is possibly associated with dust formation, although without any signs of accompanying line shifts. SN 2012ca is a member of the set of type of the ambiguous IIn/Ia-CSM SNe, the nature of which have been debated extensively in the literature. The two leading scenarios are either a type Ia SN exploding within a dense CSM from a non-degenerate, evolved companion, or a core-collapse SN from a massive star. While some members of the population have been unequivocally associated with type Ia SNe, in other cases the association is less certain. While it is possible that SN 2012ca does arise from a thermonuclear SN, this would require a relatively high (between 20 and 70 per cent) efficiency in converting kinetic energy to optical luminosity, and a massive (~2.3-2.6 Msun) circumstellar medium. On the basis of energetics, and the results of simple modelling, we suggest that SN 2012ca is more likely associated with a core-collapse SN. This would imply that the observed set of similar SNe to SN 2012ca is in fact originated by two populations, and while these are drawn from physically distinct channels, they can have observationally similar properties.