Systematic investigations of deep sub-barrier fusion reactions using an adiabatic approach

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel adiabatic extension to the coupled-channels model with a damping factor, effectively describing fusion hindrance at low energies across various nuclear systems, aligning well with experimental data.

Contribution

The paper develops a new adiabatic coupled-channels model with a damping factor, providing a unified description of deep sub-barrier fusion reactions and hindrance phenomena.

Findings

Model accurately reproduces experimental fusion cross sections.

Smooth transition from sudden to adiabatic processes explains fusion hindrance.

Potential energies at touching points correlate with fusion thresholds.

Abstract

To describe fusion hindrance observed in fusion reactions at extremely low incident energies, I propose a novel extension of the standard CC model by introducing a damping factor that describes a smooth transition from sudden to adiabatic processes. I demonstrate the performance of this model by systematically investigating various deep sub-barrier fusion reactions. I extend the standard CC model by introducing a damping factor into the coupling matrix elements in the standard CC model. I adopt the Yukawa-plus-exponential (YPE) model as a basic heavy ion-ion potential, which is advantageous for a unified description of the one- and two-body potentials. For the purpose of these systematic investigations, I approximate the one-body potential with a third-order polynomial function based on the YPE model. Calculated fusion cross sections for the medium-heavy mass systems of $^{64}$Ni + $^{64}$Ni, $^{58}$Ni + $^{58}$Ni, and $^{58}$Ni + $^{54}$Fe, the medium-light mass systems of $^{40}$Ca + $^{40}$Ca, $^{48}$Ca + $^{48}$Ca, and $^{24}$Mg + $^{30}$Si, and the mass-asymmetric systems of $^{48}$Ca + $^{96}$Zr and $^{16}$O + $^{208}$Pb are consistent with the experimental data. The astrophysical S factor and logarithmic derivative representations of these are also in good agreement with the experimental data. Since the results calculated with the damping factor are in excellent agreement with the experimental data in all systems, I conclude that the smooth transition from the sudden to adiabatic processes occurs and that a coordinate-dependent coupling strength is responsible for the fusion hindrance. In all systems, the potential energies at the touching point $V_{\rm Touch}$ strongly correlate with the incident threshold energies for which the fusion hindrance starts to emerge, except for the medium-light mass systems.