From Hybrid to CMOS Pixels ... a possibility for LHC's pixel future?

TL;DR

This paper reviews the evolution of pixel detector technologies from hybrid to CMOS-based sensors, discussing their suitability for future high-radiation environments like the HL-LHC and presenting recent R ext&d developments.

Contribution

It highlights the potential of CMOS pixel sensors, especially DMAPS, as alternatives to hybrid pixels for high-rate, high-radiation applications in particle physics.

Findings

Hybrid pixels excel in radiation tolerance but are costly and thick.

Recent DMAPS prototypes show promise for high-rate, radiation-hard applications.

Technologies like HV, SOI, and high ohmic substrates are key to future CMOS pixel development.

Abstract

Hybrid pixel detectors have been invented for the LHC to make tracking and vertexing possible at all in LHC's radiation intense environment. The LHC pixel detectors have meanwhile very successfully fulfilled their promises and R\&D for the planned HL-LHC upgrade is in full swing, targeting even higher ionising doses and non-ionising fluences. In terms of rate and radiation tolerance hybrid pixels are unrivaled. But they have disadvantages as well, most notably material thickness, production complexity, and cost. Meanwhile also active pixel sensors (DEPFET, MAPS) have become real pixel detectors but they would by far not stand the rates and radiation faced from HL-LHC. New MAPS developments, so-called DMAPS (depleted MAPS) which are full CMOS-pixel structures with charge collection in a depleted region have come in the R\&D focus for pixels at high rate/radiation levels. This goal can perhaps be realised exploiting HV technologies, high ohmic substrates and/or SOI based technologies. The paper covers the main ideas and some encouraging results from prototyping R\&D, not hiding the difficulties.