Pulsar J0453+1559: A Double Neutron Star System with a Large Mass Asymmetry

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of a double neutron star system with a significant mass asymmetry, challenging previous assumptions of near-equal masses in such systems and providing new insights into neutron star formation and binary evolution.

Contribution

It presents the first measurement of a neutron star binary with a mass ratio significantly less than unity, revealing a broader mass distribution among neutron stars.

Findings

The pulsar mass is 1.559 solar masses.

The companion mass is 1.174 solar masses.

The system's mass ratio is 0.75.

Abstract

To understand the nature of supernovae and neutron star (NS) formation, as well as binary stellar evolution and their interactions, it is important to probe the distribution of NS masses. Until now, all double NS (DNS) systems have been measured to have a mass ratio close to unity (q $\geq$ 0.91). Here we report the measurement of the individual masses of the 4.07-day binary pulsar J0453+1559 from measurements of the rate of advance of periastron and Shapiro delay: The mass of the pulsar is 1.559(5) $M_{\odot}$ and that of its companion is 1.174(4) $M_{\odot}$; q = 0.75. If this companion is also a neutron star (NS), as indicated by the orbital eccentricity of the system (e=0.11), then its mass is the smallest precisely measured for any such object. The pulsar has a spin period of 45.7 ms and a spin derivative of 1.8616(7) x$10^-19$; from these we derive a characteristic age of ~ 4.1 x $10^9$ years and a magnetic field of ~ 2.9 x $10^9$ G,i.e, this pulsar was mildly recycled by accretion of matter from the progenitor of the companion star. This suggests that it was formed with (very approximately) its current mass. Thus NSs form with a wide range of masses, which is important for understanding their formation in supernovae. It is also important for the search for gravitational waves released during a NS-NS merger: it is now evident that we should not assume all DNS systems are symmetric.