Matching effective few-nucleon theories to QCD

TL;DR

This paper reviews the progress and challenges in connecting quantum chromodynamics (QCD) to nuclear physics through effective theories, highlighting computational advances, current limitations, and future conceptual issues.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of how effective field theories bridge QCD and nuclear phenomena, identifying key deficiencies and conceptual challenges.

Findings

Lattice QCD results closely resemble historical nuclear data.

Current models show deficiencies in correlations among nuclear observables.

Identifies conceptual problems in transitioning from QCD to effective nuclear theories.

Abstract

The emergence of complex macroscopic phenomena from a small set of parameters and microscopic concepts demonstrates the power and beauty of physical theories. A theory which relates the wealth of data and peculiarities found in nuclei to the small number of parameters and symmetries of quantum chromodynamics is by that standard of exceptional beauty. Decade-long research on computational physics and on effective field theories facilitate the assessment of the presumption that quark masses and strong and electromagnetic coupling constants suffice to parameterize the nuclear chart. By presenting the current status of that enterprise, this article touches the methodology of predicting nuclei by simulating the constituting quarks and gluons and the development of effective field theories as appropriate representations of the fundamental theory. While the nuclear spectra and electromagnetic responses analyzed computationally so far with lattice QCD are in close resemblance to those which intrigued experimentalists a century ago, they also test the theoretical understanding which was unavailable to guide the nuclear pioneers but developed since then. This understanding is shown to be deficient in terms of correlations amongst nuclear observables and their sensitivity to fundamental parameters. By reviewing the transition from one effective field theory to another, from QCD to pionful chiral theories to pionless and eventually to cluster theories, we identify some of those deficiencies and conceptual problems awaiting a solution before QCD can be identified as the high-energy theory from which the nuclear landscape emerges.