The Formation of IRIS Diagnostics. VII. The Formation of the OI 135.56 nm Line in the Solar Atmosphere

TL;DR

This study models the formation of the O I 135.56 nm line in the solar atmosphere using advanced non-LTE simulations, revealing its diagnostic potential for probing the middle chromosphere's physical conditions.

Contribution

It develops a comprehensive 16-level atomic model for the O I 135.56 nm line and analyzes its formation mechanisms using both 1D and 3D solar atmosphere models.

Findings

The line is dominated by recombination cascades and is optically thin.

Doppler shifts correlate with vertical velocities at 1.0-1.5 Mm height.

Line width effectively indicates non-thermal velocities.

Abstract

The O I 135.56 nm line is covered by NASA's Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) small explorer mission which studies how the solar atmosphere is energized. We here study the formation and diagnostic potential of this line by means of non-LTE modelling employing both 1D semi-empirical and 3D radiation-Magneto Hydrodynamic (RMHD) models. We study the basic formation mechanisms and derive a quintessential model atom that incorporates the essential atomic physics for the formation of the O I 135.56 nm line. This atomic model has 16 levels and describes recombination cascades through highly excited levels by effective recombination rates. The ionization balance O I/O II is set by the hydrogen ionization balance through charge exchange reactions. The emission in the O I 135.56 nm line is dominated by a recombination cascade and the line is optically thin. The Doppler shift of the maximum emission correlates strongly with the vertical velocity in its line forming region, which is typically located at 1.0 - 1.5 Mm height. The total intensity of the line emission is correlated with the square of the electron density. Since the O I 135.56 nm line is optically thin, the width of the emission line is a very good diagnostic of non-thermal velocities. We conclude that the O I 135.56 nm line is an excellent probe of the middle chromosphere, and compliments other powerful chromospheric diagnostics of IRIS such as the Mg II h & k lines and the C II lines around 133.5 nm.