The peloton superorganism and protocooperative behavior

TL;DR

This paper introduces a theoretical framework for protocooperative behavior in pelotons, modeling the transition between cooperation and free-riding based on drafting benefits, cyclists' power, and speed, highlighting superorganism-like properties.

Contribution

It presents a novel model of protocooperative behavior in pelotons, defining thresholds and characteristics that distinguish cooperation from free-riding, with implications for biological systems.

Findings

Identifies a drafting coefficient threshold for cooperative behavior

Describes phases of low-speed sharing and free-riding in pelotons

Suggests similar behaviors in other energy-saving biological systems

Abstract

A theoretical framework for protocooperative behavior in pelotons (groups of cyclists) is proposed. A threshold between cooperative and free-riding behaviors in pelotons is modeled, together comprising protocooperative behavior (different from protocooperation). Protocooperative behavior is a function of: 1. two or more cyclists coupled by drafting benefit, 2. cyclists' current power output or speed, and 3. cyclists' maximal sustainable outputs (MSO). Characteristics of protocooperative behavior include: 1. relatively low speed phase in which cyclists naturally pass each other and share highest-cost front positions, and 2. free-riding phase in which cyclists maintain speeds of those ahead, but cannot pass. Threshold for protocooperative behavior is equivalent to coefficient of drafting d, below which cooperative behavior occurs; above which free-riding occurs up to a second threshold when coupled cyclists diverge. These behaviors are also hypothesized to emerge in other biological systems involving energy savings mechanisms. Further, the tension between intra-group cooperation and inter-group competition is consistent with superorganism properties.