Was the soft X-ray flare in NGC 3599 due to an AGN disc instability or a delayed tidal disruption event?

TL;DR

This study examines whether the X-ray flare in galaxy NGC 3599 was caused by a delayed tidal disruption event or an accretion disc instability, using new data and theoretical insights.

Contribution

It provides evidence that the flare was not a classical TDE but possibly a delayed disruption or disc instability, supported by new observational data and recent simulations.

Findings

NGC 3599 was X-ray bright 18 months before the flare

The flare's rise time is consistent with a delayed TDE or disc instability

The galaxy's optical spectra indicate a low-luminosity Seyfert/LINER

Abstract

We present unpublished data from a tidal disruption candidate in NGC 3599 which show that the galaxy was already X-ray bright 18 months before the measurement which led to its classification. This removes the possibility that the flare was caused by a classical, fast-rising, short-peaked, tidal disruption event. Recent relativistic simulations indicate that the majority of disruptions will actually take months or years to rise to a peak, which will then be maintained for longer than previously thought. NGC 3599 could be one of the first identified examples of such an event. The optical spectra of NGC 3599 indicate that it is a low-luminosity Seyfert/LINER with L_bol~10^40 ergs/s The flare may alternatively be explained by a thermal instability in the accretion disc, which propagates through the inner region at the sound speed, causing an increase of the disc scale height and local accretion rate. This can explain the <9 years rise time of the flare. If this mechanism is correct then the flare may repeat on a timescale of several decades as the inner disc is emptied and refilled.