Flat bands and PT-symmetry in quasi-one-dimensional lattices

TL;DR

This paper investigates how PT-symmetric gain and loss affect flat bands in quasi-one-dimensional lattices, revealing that flat bands can survive in some geometries but not others, with stability windows depending on gain/loss strength.

Contribution

It demonstrates that the Lieb lattice's flat band persists under PT-symmetry for any gain/loss, unlike kagome and stub lattices, highlighting geometry-dependent effects on flat band stability.

Findings

Lieb flat band survives PT-symmetry for any gain/loss

Kagome and stub lattices lose flat bands with gain/loss

Finite stability windows exist, shrinking with increased gain/loss

Abstract

We examine the effect of adding PT-symmetric gain and loss terms to quasi 1D lattices (ribbons) that possess flat bands. We focus on three representative cases: (a) The Lieb ribbon, (b) The kagome ribbon, and (c) The stub Ribbon. In general we find that the effect on the flat band depends strongly on the geometrical details of the lattice being examined. One interesting and novel result that emerge from an analytical calculation of the band structure of the Lieb ribbon including gain and loss, is that its flat band survives the addition of PT-symmetry for any amount of gain and loss, while for the other two lattices, any presence of gain and loss destroys the flat bands. For all three ribbons, there are finite stability windows whose size decreases with the strength of the gain and loss parameter. For the Lieb and kagome cases, the size of this window converges to a finite value. The existence of finite stability windows, plus the constancy of the Lieb flat band are in marked contrast to the behavior of a pure one-dimensional lattice.