Decoy-state quantum key distribution with biased-bases revisited

TL;DR

This paper revisits decoy-state quantum key distribution with biased bases, correcting previous flawed assumptions, and demonstrates improved key rates through optimized protocols that account for statistical fluctuations.

Contribution

It corrects the flawed assumption in biased-bases decoy-state QKD and provides accurate formulas and optimized protocols for higher key rates.

Findings

Corrected formulas for biased-bases decoy-state QKD.

High key rates achieved without vacuum sources.

Bias-based protocols outperform symmetric unbiased protocols.

Abstract

In order to improve the key rate of the decoy-state method, we need to jointly study yields of different bases. Given the delicate fact that pulses of the same preparation state can have different counting rates if they are measured in different bases, for example, those vacuum pulses and those single-photon pulses, existing results of decoy-state quantum key distribution using biased bases are actually flawed by assuming that they are equal. We fix this flaw through using the idea that yields of pulses prepared in different bases are same provided that they are prepared in the same state and also they are measured in the same basis, for example, those single-photon pulses prepared in different bases but measured in the same basis. Based on this, we present correct formulas for the decoy-state method using biased bases. Taking the effects of statistical fluctuations into account, we then numerically study the key rates of different protocols with all parameters being fully optimized. Our result confirms the prior art conclusion that decoy-state method using biased bases can have advantage to the symmetric protocol with unbiased bases. We obtain high key rates of our 4-intensity protocol (two in X bases and two in Z bases) without using any vacuum source.