Properties of GRB Lightcurves from Magnetic Reconnection

TL;DR

This paper investigates the properties of gamma-ray burst (GRB) lightcurves resulting from magnetic reconnection, highlighting how relativistic motions influence observed variability and spectral features, and compares reconnection models to observations.

Contribution

It provides a quantitative analysis of GRB emission from magnetic reconnection, including relativistic effects, and compares two reconnection modes to observed GRB properties.

Findings

Relativistic bulk motions shorten pulse widths significantly.

Both steady-state and turbulent reconnection modes can explain GRB variability and pulse shapes.

Turbulent reconnection naturally accounts for the peak luminosity–peak frequency correlation.

Abstract

The energy dissipation mechanism within Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) outflows, driving their extremely luminous prompt $\gamma$-ray emission is still uncertain. The leading candidates are internal shocks and magnetic reconnection. While the emission from internal shocks has been extensively studied, that from reconnection still has few quantitative predictions. We study the expected prompt-GRB emission from magnetic reconnection and compare its temporal and spectral properties to observations. The main difference from internal shocks is that for reconnection one expects relativistic bulk motions with Lorentz factors $\Gamma'\gtrsim\;$a few in the jet's bulk frame. We consider such motions of the emitting material in two anti-parallel directions (e.g. of the reconnecting magnetic-field lines) within an ultra-relativistic (with $\Gamma\gg1$) thin spherical reconnection layer. The emission's relativistic beaming in the jet's frame greatly affects the light-curves. For emission at radii $R_0<R<R_0+\Delta{}R$ (with $\Gamma=\rm{const}$) the observed pulse width is $\Delta{}T\sim(R_0/2c\Gamma^2)\max(1/\Gamma',\,\Delta{}R/R_0)$, i.e. up to $\sim\Gamma'$ times shorter than for isotropic emission in the jet's frame. We consider two possible magnetic reconnection modes: a quasi steady-state with continuous plasma flow into and out of the reconnection layer, and sporadic reconnection in relativistic turbulence that produces relativistic plasmoids. Both of these modes can account for many observed prompt-GRB properties: variability, pulse asymmetry, the very rapid declines at their end, and pulse evolutions that are either hard to soft (for $\Gamma'\lesssim2$) or intensity tracking (for $\Gamma'>2$). However, the relativistic turbulence mode is more likely to be relevant for the prompt sub-MeV emission and can naturally account also for the peak luminosity$\,$--$\,$peak frequency correlation.