A Soft X-Ray Spectral Episode for the Clocked Burster, GS 1826-24 as Measured by Swift and NuSTAR

TL;DR

This study reports on a soft X-ray spectral episode of the neutron star binary GS 1826-24 observed by Swift and NuSTAR, revealing softer spectral components, variable burst behavior, and insights into accretion states and disk geometry.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed broad-band spectral analysis of GS 1826-24 during a soft state, highlighting softer spectral components and variable burst properties.

Findings

Detected seven type-I X-ray bursts with altered profiles and recurrence times.

Measured a lower optical depth in the soft state, challenging typical accretion models.

Estimated the source distance at approximately 5.7 kpc.

Abstract

We report on NuSTAR and Swift observations of a soft state of the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary GS 1826-24, commonly known as the "clocked" burster. The transition to the soft state was recorded in 2014 June through an increase of the 2-20 keV source intensity measured by MAXI, simultaneous with a decrease of the 15-50 keV intensity measured by Swift/BAT. The episode lasted approximately two months, after which the source returned to its usual hard state. We analyze the broad-band spectrum measured by Swift/XRT and NuSTAR, and estimate the accretion rate during the soft episode to be about 13% of Eddington, within the range of previous observations. However, the best fit spectral model, adopting the double Comptonization used previously, exhibits significantly softer components. We detect seven type-I X-ray bursts, all significantly weaker (and with shorter rise and decay times) than observed previously. The burst profiles and recurrence times vary significantly, ruling out the regular bursts that are typical for this source. One burst exhibited photospheric radius expansion, and we estimate the source distance at about (5.7 / xi_b^1/2) kpc, where xi_b parameterizes the possible anisotropy of the burst emission. Interpreting the soft state as a transition from an optically thin inner flow to an optically thick flow passing through a boundary layer, as is commonly observed in similar systems, is contradicted by the lower optical depth measured for the double Comptonization model we find for this soft state. The effect of a change in disk geometry on the burst behavior remains unclear.