MUSE tells the story of NGC 4371: The dawning of secular evolution

TL;DR

This study uses MUSE data to analyze NGC 4371, revealing that its bar and inner structures are ancient, supporting the idea that secular evolution driven by bars has significantly influenced galaxy development over cosmic time.

Contribution

The paper provides detailed kinematic and stellar population analysis of NGC 4371, demonstrating the early formation of its bar and inner components, highlighting the long-term impact of secular evolution.

Findings

Inner components are dominated by stars older than 10 Gyr.

Bar formation occurred at redshift z=1.8, indicating early development.

Star formation quenching happened around redshift z=0.8.

Abstract

We use data from the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE), recently commissioned at the Very Large Telescope (VLT), to study the kinematics and stellar population content of NGC 4371, an early-type massive barred galaxy in the core of the Virgo cluster. We integrate this study with a detailed structural analysis using imaging data from the Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes, which allows us to perform a thorough investigation of the physical properties of the galaxy. We show that the rotationally supported inner components in NGC 4371, an inner disc and a nuclear ring - which, according to the predominant scenario, are built with stars formed from gas brought to the inner region by the bar - are vastly dominated by stars older than 10 Gyr. Our results thus indicate that the formation of the bar occurred at a redshift of about $z=1.8^{+0.5}_{-0.4}$ (error bars are derived from 100 Monte Carlo realisations). NGC 4371 thus testifies to the robustness of bars. In addition, the mean stellar age of the fraction of the major disc of the galaxy covered by our MUSE data is above 7 Gyr, with a small contribution from younger stars. This suggests that the quenching of star formation in NGC 4371, likely due to environmental effects, was already effective at a redshift of about $z=0.8^{+0.2}_{-0.1}$. Our results point out that bar-driven secular evolution processes may have an extended impact in the evolution of galaxies, and thus on the properties of galaxies as observed today, not necessarily restricted to more recent cosmic epochs.