Pairing fluctuations and anisotropic pseudogap phenomenon in an ultracold superfluid Fermi gas with plural $p$-wave superfluid phases

TL;DR

This paper explores how anisotropic pairing fluctuations influence the pseudogap phenomena and multiple superfluid phases in an ultracold Fermi gas with uniaxially anisotropic $p$-wave interactions, revealing unique fluctuation effects near phase transitions.

Contribution

It provides a theoretical analysis of anisotropic pseudogap phenomena and multiple superfluid phases in an ultracold Fermi gas with $p$-wave pairing, highlighting effects absent in isotropic superfluids.

Findings

Anisotropic pseudogap appears near the $p_x$-wave transition temperature.

Pseudogap in the perpendicular direction develops due to fluctuations.

Multiple superfluid phases with different symmetries are identified.

Abstract

We investigate superfluid properties of a one-component Fermi gas with a uniaxially anisotropic $p$-wave pairing interaction, $U_x>U_y=U_z$ (where $U_i$ ($i=x,y,z)$ is a $p_i$-wave pairing interaction). This type of interaction is considered to be realized in a $^{40}$K Fermi gas. Including pairing fluctuations within a strong-coupling $T$-matrix theory, we determine the $p_x$-wave superfluid phase transition temperature $T^{p_x}_{\rm c}$, as well as the other phase transition temperature $T_{\rm c}^{p_x+ip_y}$ ($<T_{\rm c}^{p_x}$), below which the superfluid order parameter has the $p_x+ip_y$-wave symmetry. In the normal state near $T^{p_x}_{\rm c}$, $p_x$-wave pairing fluctuations are shown to induce an anisotropic pseudogap phenomenon, where a dip structure in the angle-resolved density of states around $\omega=0$ is the most remarkable in the $p_x$ direction. In the $p_x$-wave superfluid phase ($T_{\rm c}^{p_x+ip_y}<T\le T_{\rm c}^{p_x}$), while the pseudogap in the $p_x$ direction continuously changes to the superfluid gap, the pseudogap in the perpendicular direction to the $p_x$ axis is found to continue developing, because of enhanced $p_y$-wave and $p_z$-wave pairing fluctuations around the node of the $p_x$-wave superfluid order parameter. Since pairing fluctuations are always suppressed in the isotropic $s$-wave superfluid state, this phenomenon is peculiar to an unconventional Fermi superfluid with a nodal superfluid order parameter. Since the $p$-wave Fermi superfluid is the most promising non $s$-wave pairing state in an ultracold Fermi gas, our results would contribute to understanding how the anisotropic pairing fluctuations, as well as the existence of plural superfluid phases, affect many-body properties of this unconventional Fermi superfluid.