Experimental investigation of transitional flow in a toroidal pipe

TL;DR

This study experimentally explores flow instability and transition to turbulence in a curved toroidal pipe, revealing a sequence of bifurcations and oscillatory behaviors as flow speed increases.

Contribution

It provides detailed experimental data on flow bifurcations and transition mechanisms in curved pipes, highlighting differences from previous studies.

Findings

Supercritical bifurcation to oscillatory flow at Re=4075

Traveling waves with phase velocity slightly faster than mean flow

Transition to turbulence following quasi-periodic flow

Abstract

The flow instability and further transition to turbulence in a toroidal pipe (torus) with curvature (tube-to-coiling diameter) 0.049 is investigated experimentally. The flow inside the toroidal pipe is driven by a steel sphere fitted to the inner pipe diameter. The sphere is moved with constant azimuthal velocity from outside the torus by a moving magnet. The experiment is designed to investigate curved pipe flow by optical measurement techniques. Using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry, laser Doppler velocimetry and pressure drop measurements, the flow is measured for Reynolds numbers ranging from 1000 to 15000. Time- and space-resolved velocity fields are obtained and analysed. The steady axisymmetric basic flow is strongly influenced by centrifugal effects. On an increase of the Reynolds number we find a sequence of bifurcations. For Re=4075 a supercritical bifurcation to an oscillatory flow is found in which waves travel in the streamwise direction with a phase velocity slightly faster than the mean flow. The oscillatory flow is superseded by a presumably quasi-periodic flow at a further increase of the Reynolds number before turbulence sets in. The results are found to be compatible, in general, with earlier experimental and numerical investigations on transition to turbulence in helical and curved pipes. However, important aspects of the bifurcation scenario differ considerably.