Galaxies nurtured by mature black holes

TL;DR

This paper proposes that supermassive black holes formed early and influenced galaxy formation through jets and outflows, explaining the origin of various galaxy structures within the standard cosmological model.

Contribution

It introduces a hypothesis that mature SMBHs predate stars and galaxies, providing models for how they shape galaxy structures via energetic feedback.

Findings

SMBH formation predates galaxy formation at redshift ~10

Jets from SMBHs trigger star formation in ambient gas

Globular clusters and bulges share a common origin

Abstract

Supermassive black holes (SMBH) of size $10^{6-10}M_{\odot}$ are common in the Universe and they define the center of the galaxies. A galaxy and the SMBH are generally thought to have co-evolved. However, the SMBH cannot evolve so fast as commonly observed even at redshift $z>6$. Therefore SMBH must form first before galaxy. Our goal is to clarify how this mature SMBH forms galaxy. Furthermore we clarify the mechanism how the SMBH designs variety of structures of galaxies. We explore a natural hypothesis that the SMBH has been formed mature at $z\approx10$ before stars and galaxies. The SMBH forms energetic jets and outflows which trigger massive star formation in the ambient gas. They eventually construct globular clusters and classical bulge as well as the body of elliptical galaxies. We propose simple models which implement these processes along with the standard $\Lambda$CDM-model. We point out that the globular clusters and classical bulges have a common origin but are in different phases. The same is true for the elliptical and spiral galaxies. Physics behind these phase division is the runaway star formation process with strong feedback to SMBH. This is similar to the forest-fire model that displays self-organized criticality. Finally we speculate several observational predictions that may help to test the present arguments.