Using Robotic Fish to Explore the Hydrodynamic Mechanism of Energy Saving in a Fish School

TL;DR

This study uses robotic fish to experimentally investigate how fish in schools save energy, revealing that phase difference and flow interactions are key factors in energy efficiency.

Contribution

The paper introduces a robotic fish model to experimentally verify the hydrodynamic mechanisms behind energy savings in fish schools, emphasizing phase difference effects.

Findings

Energy savings depend on phase difference rather than spatial arrangement.

Followers save energy when their movement aligns with flow-induced vortex patterns.

Flow visualization confirms the role of vortex dipoles in energy efficiency.

Abstract

Fish often travel in highly organized schools. One of the most quoted functions of these configurations is energy savings. Here, we verified the hypothesis and explored the mechanism through series of experiments on "schooling" robotic fish, which can undulate actively with flexible body, resembling real fish. We find that, when the school swims in the same spatial arrays as the real one, the energy consumption of the follower mainly depends on the phase difference, a phase angle by which the body wave of the follower leads or lags that of the leader, instead of spatial arrays. Further analysis through flow visualization indicates that the follower saves energy when the phase difference corresponds to the situation that the follower flaps in the same direction of the flow field induced by the vortex dipole shedding by the leader. Using biomimetic robots to verify the biological hypothesis in this paper also sheds new light on the connections among the fields of engineering, physics and biology.