Null distance on a spacetime

TL;DR

This paper introduces a null distance function on spacetimes that encodes causal structure and induces a canonical metric space structure, especially applicable to models with a cosmological time function.

Contribution

It defines a null distance function related to causal structure, proves it induces the manifold topology, and establishes conditions for it to be a definite metric, including for cosmological models.

Findings

Null distance function encodes causal structure.

Under certain conditions, null distance is a definite metric.

Cosmological time function is anti-Lipschitz and induces a null distance.

Abstract

Given a time function $\tau$ on a spacetime $M$, we define a `null distance function', $\hat{d}_\tau$, built from and closely related to the causal structure of $M$. In basic models with timelike $\nabla \tau$, we show that 1) $\hat{d}_\tau$ is a definite distance function, which induces the manifold topology, 2) the causal structure of $M$ is completely encoded in $\hat{d}_\tau$ and $\tau$. In general, $\hat{d}_\tau$ is a conformally invariant pseudometric, which may be indefinite. We give an `anti-Lipschitz' condition on $\tau$, which ensures that $\hat{d}_\tau$ is definite, and show this condition to be satisfied whenever $\tau$ has gradient vectors $\nabla \tau$ almost everywhere, with $\nabla \tau$ locally `bounded away from the light cones'. As a consequence, we show that the cosmological time function of [1] is anti-Lipschitz when `regular', and hence induces a definite null distance function. This provides what may be interpreted as a canonical metric space structure on spacetimes which emanate from a common initial singularity, e.g. a `big bang'.