Parity-time symmetry in a flat band system

TL;DR

This paper investigates how parity-time symmetry perturbations affect a one-dimensional Lieb lattice with a flat band, revealing thresholdless PT breaking and the robustness of flat band states against disorder.

Contribution

It introduces PT-symmetric perturbations to a flat band system, analytically derives the behavior of pinned states, and explores the effects of disorder on flat versus dispersive band modes.

Findings

Degeneracy in the flat band can be partially maintained with specific PT perturbations.

Pinned states undergo thresholdless PT breaking with different rates than randomly positioned states.

Weak disorder affects dispersive bands strongly but has minimal impact on flat band modes.

Abstract

In this paper we introduce Parity-Time ($\cal PT$) symmetric perturbation to a one-dimensional Lieb lattice, which is otherwise $\cal P$-symmetric and has a flat band. In the flat band there are a multitude of degenerate dark states, and the degeneracy $N$ increases with the system size. We show that the degeneracy in the flat band is completely lifted due to the non-Hermitian perturbation in general, but it is partially maintained with the half-gain-half-loss perturbation and its ``V" variant that we consider. With these perturbations, we show that both randomly positioned states and pinned states at the symmetry plane in the flat band can undergo thresholdless $\cal PT$ breaking. They are distinguished by their different rates of acquiring non-Hermicity as the $\cal PT$-symmetric perturbation grows, which are insensitive to the system size. Using a degenerate perturbation theory, we derive analytically the rate for the pinned states, whose spatial profiles are also insensitive to the system size. Finally, we find that the presence of weak disorder has a strong effect on modes in the dispersive bands but not on those in the flat band. The latter respond in completely different ways to the growing $\cal PT$-symmetric perturbation, depending on whether they are randomly positioned or pinned.