Secular diffusion in discrete self-gravitating tepid discs II: accounting for swing amplification via the matrix method

TL;DR

This paper models the long-term evolution of thin galactic discs using the inhomogeneous Balescu-Lenard equation, incorporating swing amplification effects via the matrix method, and validates results with N-body simulations.

Contribution

It introduces a numerical matrix method to account for swing amplification in the Balescu-Lenard framework for galactic disc evolution, providing improved modeling of resonant dynamics.

Findings

Secular evolution accelerates with fewer particles and colder discs.

Polarization clouds significantly enhance secular effects, by factors of a thousand or more.

Predicted resonant ridge positions match Balescu-Lenard equation forecasts.

Abstract

The secular evolution of an infinitely thin tepid isolated galactic disc made of a finite number of particles is investigated using the inhomogeneous Balescu-Lenard equation expressed in terms of angle-action variables. The matrix method is implemented numerically in order to model the induced gravitational polarization. Special care is taken to account for the amplification of potential fluctuations of mutually resonant orbits and the unwinding of the induced swing amplified transients. Quantitative comparisons with ${N-}$body simulations yield consistent scalings with the number of particles and with the self-gravity of the disc: the fewer particles and the colder the disc, the faster the secular evolution. Secular evolution is driven by resonances, but does not depend on the initial phases of the disc. For a Mestel disc with ${Q \sim 1.5}$, the polarization cloud around each star boosts up its secular effect by a factor of the order of a thousand or more, promoting accordingly the dynamical relevance of self-induced collisional secular evolution. The position and shape of the induced resonant ridge are found to be in very good agreement with the prediction of the Balescu-Lenard equation, which scales with the square of the susceptibility of the disc. In astrophysics, the inhomogeneous Balescu-Lenard equation may describe the secular diffusion of giant molecular clouds in galactic discs, the secular migration and segregation of planetesimals in proto-planetary discs, or even the long-term evolution of population of stars within the Galactic centre. It could be used as a valuable check of the accuracy of ${N-}$body integrators over secular timescales.