Multiplexed Readout for 1000-pixel Arrays of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel multiplexed readout system for large MKID arrays, capable of reading thousands of detectors simultaneously with minimal noise, advancing the scalability of far-infrared and sub-mm astronomical detectors.

Contribution

The paper presents a new RF frequency division multiplexing readout system for MKID arrays, enabling simultaneous readout of up to 4000 detectors with low noise.

Findings

Readout system can handle 4000 MKIDs simultaneously.

Achieves a noise power spectral density of -98 dBc/Hz.

Maintains MKID performance without deterioration.

Abstract

Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are the most attractive radiation detectors for far-infrared and sub-mm astronomy: They combine ultimate sensitivity with the possibility to create very large detector arrays, in excess of 10 000 pixels. This is possible by reading-out the arrays using RF frequency division multiplexing, which allows multiplexing ratios in excess of 1000 pixels per readout line. We describe a novel readout system for large arrays of MKIDs, operating in a 2 GHz band in the 4-8 GHz range. The readout, which is a combination of a digital front- and back-end and an analog up- and down-converter system, can read out up to 4000 detectors simultaneously with 1 kHz datarate. The system achieves a readout noise power spectral density of -98 dBc/Hz while reading 1000 carriers simultaneously, which scales linear with the number of carriers. We demonstrate that 4000 state-of-the-art Aluminium-NbTiN MKIDs can be read out without deteriorating their intrinsic performance.