A test for asymptotic giant branch evolution theories: Planetary Nebulae in the Large Magellanic Cloud

TL;DR

This study links AGB stellar models with dust formation to observed planetary nebulae in the Large Magellanic Cloud, testing theories of stellar evolution and element enrichment processes like HBB and TDU.

Contribution

It introduces models including dust formation to interpret chemical abundances in LMC PNe, providing new insights into AGB evolution and element enrichment mechanisms.

Findings

HBB is necessary to explain nitrogen-enriched PNe.

A threshold of log(C/H)+12<9 limits carbon accumulation in AGB stars.

Rapid loss of stellar envelopes likely occurs after C-star stage.

Abstract

We used a new generation of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stellar models that include dust formation in the stellar winds to find the links between evolutionary models and the observed properties of a homogeneous sample of Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) planetary nebulae (PNe). Comparison between the evolutionary yields of elements such as CNO and the corresponding observed chemical abundances is a powerful tool to shed light on evolutionary processes such as hot bottom burning (HBB) and third dredge-up (TDU). We found that the occurrence of HBB is needed to interpret the nitrogen-enriched (log(N/H)+12>8) PNe. In particular, N-rich PNe with the lowest carbon content are nicely reproduced by AGB models of mass M >=6 Mo, whose surface chemistry reflects the pure effects of HBB. PNe with log(N/H)+12<7.5 correspond to ejecta of stars that have not experienced HBB, with initial mass below about 3 Mo. Some of these stars show very large carbon abundances, owing to the many TDU episodes experienced. We found from our LMC PN sample that there is a threshold to the amount of carbon accumulated at AGB surfaces, log(C/H)+12<9. Confirmation of this constraint would indicate that, after the C-star stage is reached,AGBs experience only a few thermal pulses, which suggests a rapid loss of the external mantle, probably owing to the effects of radiation pressure on carbonaceous dust particles present in the circumstellar envelope. The implications of these findings for AGB evolution theories and the need to extend the PN sample currently available are discussed.