A Comparison Between Global Proxies of the Sun's Magnetic Activity Cycle: Inferences from Helioseismology

TL;DR

This study compares various global measures of the Sun's magnetic activity, including helioseismic data and surface proxies, revealing changing relationships over solar cycles and implications for understanding solar magnetic behavior.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive comparison of multiple solar activity proxies and helioseismic data, highlighting their divergent behaviors during recent solar cycles.

Findings

Divergence between proxies and helioseismic data increased after 2000.

Deviations decreased in Cycle 24, suggesting a possible Hale cycle influence.

Short-term variations show weak correlation between proxies and helioseismic data in Cycles 23 and 24.

Abstract

The last solar minimum was, by recent standards, unusually deep and long. We are now close to the maximum of the subsequent solar cycle, which is relatively weak. In this article we make comparisons between different global (unresolved) measures of the Sun's magnetic activity, to investigate how they are responding to this weak-activity epoch. We focus on helioseismic data, which are sensitive to conditions, including the characteristics of the magnetic field, in the solar interior. Also considered are measures of the magnetic field in the photosphere (sunspot number and sunspot area), the chromosphere and corona (10.7cm radio flux and 530.3nm green coronal index), and two measures of the Sun's magnetic activity closer to Earth (the interplanetary magnetic field and the galactic cosmic-ray intensity). Scaled versions of the activity proxies diverge from the helioseismic data around 2000, indicating a change in relationship between the proxies. The degree of divergence varies from proxy to proxy with sunspot area and 10.7cm flux showing only small deviations, while sunspot number, coronal index, and the two interplanetary proxies show much larger departures. In Cycle 24 the deviations in the solar proxies and the helioseismic data decrease, raising the possibility that the deviations observed in Cycle 23 are just symptomatic of a 22-year Hale cycle. However, the deviations in the helioseismic data and the interplanetary proxies increase in Cycle 24. Interestingly the divergence in the solar proxies and the helioseismic data are not reflected in the shorter-term variations (often referred to as quasi-biennial oscillations) observed on top of the dominant 11-year solar cycle. However, despite being highly correlated in Cycle 22, the short-term variations in the interplanetary proxies show very little correlation with the helioseismic data during Cycles 23 and 24.