Forces acting on a small particle in an acoustical field in a thermoviscous fluid

TL;DR

This paper provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the acoustic radiation force on small thermoviscous particles in a fluid, revealing significant effects of thermoviscous boundary layers on force magnitude and direction, with implications for micro-particle manipulation.

Contribution

It introduces a thermoviscous theory that predicts larger and sign-changing acoustic forces on small particles, extending beyond ideal-fluid approximations.

Findings

Forces can be orders of magnitude larger than ideal-fluid predictions.

Sign change in the radiation force occurs depending on particle size and material properties.

Thermoviscous effects are significant for particles comparable to boundary layer thicknesses.

Abstract

We present a theoretical analysis of the acoustic radiation force on a single small particle, either a thermoviscous fluid droplet or a thermoelastic solid particle, suspended in a viscous and heat-conducting fluid medium. Our analysis places no restrictions on the length scales of the viscous and thermal boundary layer thicknesses $\delta_\mathrm{s}$ and $\delta_\mathrm{t}$ relative to the particle radius $a$, but it assumes the particle to be small in comparison to the acoustic wavelength $\lambda$. This is the limit relevant to scattering of sound and ultrasound waves from micrometer-sized particles. For particles of size comparable to or smaller than the boundary layers, the thermoviscous theory leads to profound consequences for the acoustic radiation force. Not only do we predict forces orders of magnitude larger than expected from ideal-fluid theory, but for certain relevant choices of materials, we also find a sign change in the acoustic radiation force on different-sized but otherwise identical particles. This phenomenon may possibly be exploited in handling of submicrometer-sized particles such as bacteria and vira in lab-on-a-chip systems.