Detection of a weak magnetic field via cavity enhanced Faraday rotation

TL;DR

This paper investigates highly sensitive detection of weak magnetic fields using cavity-enhanced Faraday rotation with spin ensembles, achieving sensitivities below 1 femtotesla per root Hertz with different photon input strategies.

Contribution

It introduces a method for magnetic field detection with enhanced sensitivity using a bimodal microwave cavity and spin ensembles, surpassing previous limits.

Findings

Single-photon probe sensitivity exceeds 0.5 nT/√Hz.

Multiphoton probe sensitivity reaches about 1 fT/√Hz.

Achieved high sensitivity with low input power of 1 nW.

Abstract

We study the sensitive detection of a weak static magnetic field via Faraday rotation induced by an ensemble of spins in a bimodal degenerate microwave cavity. We determine the limit of the resolution for the sensitivity of the magnetometry achieved using either single-photon or multiphoton inputs. For the case of a microwave cavity containing an ensemble of Nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond, we obtain a magnetometry sensitivity exceeding $0.5~\text{\nano\tesla}/\sqrt{\text{\hertz}}$, utilizing a single photon probe field, while for a multiphoton input we achieve a sensitivity about $1 \text{\femto\tesla}/\sqrt{\text{\hertz}}$, using a coherent probe microwave field with power of $P_\text{in}=1~\text{\nano\watt}$.