A simplified view of blazars: the neutrino background

TL;DR

This paper presents a new model based on the blazar simplified view to estimate neutrino emission from BL Lac objects, suggesting they can account for IceCube's high-energy neutrino background above 0.5 PeV.

Contribution

It introduces a self-consistent framework combining the blazar simplified view with neutrino emission modeling, providing a novel way to estimate the neutrino background from BL Lacs.

Findings

BL Lacs can explain the neutrino background above 0.5 PeV.

They contribute about 10% to the background at lower energies.

Individual BL Lacs may contribute up to 20% to IceCube's low-energy events.

Abstract

Blazars have been suggested as possible neutrino sources long before the recent IceCube discovery of high-energy neutrinos. We re-examine this possibility within a new framework built upon the blazar simplified view and a self-consistent modelling of neutrino emission from individual sources. The former is a recently proposed paradigm that explains the diverse statistical properties of blazars adopting minimal assumptions on blazars' physical and geometrical properties. This view, tested through detailed Monte Carlo simulations, reproduces the main features of radio, X-ray, and gamma-ray blazar surveys and also the extragalactic gamma-ray background at energies > 10 GeV. Here we add a hadronic component for neutrino production and estimate the neutrino emission from BL Lacs as a class, "calibrated" by fitting the spectral energy distributions of a preselected sample of BL Lac objects and their (putative) neutrino spectra. Unlike all previous papers on this topic, the neutrino background is then derived by summing up at a given energy the fluxes of each BL Lac in the simulation, all characterised by their own redshift, synchrotron peak energy, gamma-ray flux, etc. Our main result is that BL Lacs as a class can explain the neutrino background seen by IceCube above ~ 0.5 PeV while they only contribute ~ 10% at lower energies, leaving room to some other population(s)/physical mechanism. However, one cannot also exclude the possibility that individual BL Lacs still make a contribution at the ~ 20% level to the IceCube low-energy events. Our scenario makes specific predictions testable in the next few years.