Approximation properties of $\beta$-expansions II

TL;DR

This paper investigates the approximation properties of $eta$-expansions, showing that for almost every $eta$ in a certain range, the set of well-approximated points has full measure, advancing the understanding of $eta$-expansion regularity.

Contribution

It proves that for almost all $eta$ in (1.497..., 2), the set of points approximated within a slowly diverging sequence has full measure, supporting the conjecture that most $eta$ are approximation regular.

Findings

For almost every $eta$ in (1.497..., 2), $W_{eta}( ext{slowly diverging sequence})$ has full measure.

The result extends the understanding of approximation regularity for $eta$-expansions.

Supports the conjecture that almost all $eta$ are approximation regular.

Abstract

Given $\beta\in(1,2)$ and $x\in[0,\frac{1}{\beta-1}]$, a sequence $(\epsilon_{i})_{i=1}^{\infty}\in\{0,1\}^{\mathbb{N}}$ is called a $\beta$-expansion for $x$ if $$x=\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\frac{\epsilon_{i}}{\beta^{i}}.$$ In a recent article the author studied the quality of approximation provided by the finite sums $\sum_{i=1}^{n}\epsilon_{i}\beta^{-i}$ \cite{Bak}. In particular, given $\beta\in(1,2)$ and $\Psi:\mathbb{N}\to\mathbb{R}_{\geq 0},$ we associate the set $$W_{\beta}(\Psi):=\bigcap_{m=1}^{\infty}\bigcup_{n=m}^{\infty}\bigcup_{(\epsilon_{i})_{i=1}^{n}\in\{0,1\}^{n}}\Big[\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{\epsilon_{i}}{\beta^{i}},\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{\epsilon_{i}}{\beta^{i}}+\Psi(n)\Big].$$ Alternatively, $W_{\beta}(\Psi)$ is the set of $x\in \mathbb{R}$ such that for infinitely many $n\in\mathbb{N},$ there exists a sequence $(\epsilon_{i})_{i=1}^{n}$ satisfying the inequalities $$0\leq x-\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{\epsilon_{i}}{\beta^{i}}\leq \Psi(n).$$ If $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}2^{n}\Psi(n)<\infty$ then $W_{\beta}(\Psi)$ has zero Lebesgue measure. We call a $\beta\in(1,2)$ approximation regular, if $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}2^{n}\Psi(n)=\infty$ implies $W_{\beta}(\Psi)$ is of full Lebesgue measure within $[0,\frac{1}{\beta-1}]$. The author conjectured in \cite{Bak} that almost every $\beta\in(1,2)$ is approximation regular. In this paper we make a significant step towards proving this conjecture. The main result of this paper is the following statement: given a sequence of positive real numbers $(\omega_{n})_{n=1}^{\infty},$ which satisfy $\lim_{n\to\infty} \omega_{n}=\infty$, then for Lebesgue almost every $\beta\in(1.497\ldots,2)$ the set $W_{\beta}(\omega_{n}\cdot 2^{-n})$ is of full Lebesgue measure within $[0,\frac{1}{\beta-1}]$. Here the sequence $(\omega_{n})_{n=1}^{\infty}$ should be interpreted as a sequence tending to infinity at a very slow rate.