Erd\H{o}s-Ko-Rado Theorems for a Family of Trees

TL;DR

This paper investigates Erdős–Ko–Rado properties in trees, confirming a conjecture for depth-two claws and exploring the structure of maximum intersecting families, revealing that centers of largest stars can be far from leaves.

Contribution

It proves the Holroyd–Talbot conjecture for depth-two claws and extends understanding of star centers in trees, showing they can be distant from leaves.

Findings

Depth-two claws are strictly r-EKR if 2r ≤ μ(G)+1.

Elongated claws with n leaves are r-EKR if 2r ≤ n.

Largest r-stars can have centers far from leaves in certain trees.

Abstract

Given a graph $G$ and an integer $r\geq 1$, let $\mathcal{I}^{(r)}(G)$ denote the family of independent sets of size $r$ of $G$. For a vertex $v$ of $G$, let $\mathcal{I}^{(r)}_v(G)$ denote the family of independent sets of size $r$ that contain~$v$. This family is called an $r$-star and $v$ is the centre of the star. Then $G$ is said to be $r$-EKR if no pairwise intersecting subfamily of $\mathcal{I}^{(r)}(G)$ is bigger than the largest $r$-star, and if every maximum size pairwise intersecting subfamily of $\mathcal{I}^{(r)}(G)$ is an $r$-star, then $G$ is said to be strictly $r$-EKR. Let $\mu(G)$ denote the minimum size of a maximal independent set of $G$. Holroyd and Talbot conjectured that if $2r \leq \mu(G)$, then $G$ is $r$-EKR and strictly $r$-EKR if $2r < \mu(G)$. An elongated claw is a tree in which one vertex is designated the root and no vertex other than the root has degree greater than 2. A depth-two claw is an elongated claw in which every vertex of degree~1 is at distance 2 from the root. We show that if $G$ is a depth-two claw, then $G$ is strictly $r$-EKR if $2r \leq \mu(G)+1$, confirming the conjecture of Holroyd and Talbot for this family. We also show that if $G $ is an elongated claw with $n$ leaves and at least one leaf adjacent to the root, then $G$ is $r$-EKR if $2r \leq n$. Hurlbert and Kamat had conjectured that one can always find a largest $r$-star of a tree whose centre is a leaf. Baber and Borg have separately shown this to be false. We show that, moreover, for all $n \geq 2$, $d \geq 3$, there exists a positive integer $r$ such that there is a tree where the centre of the largest $r$-star is a vertex of degree $n$ at distance at least $d$ from every leaf.