Precision cosmology with time delay lenses: high resolution imaging requirements

TL;DR

This paper assesses the imaging quality needed for gravitational lens time delay measurements to effectively constrain cosmological parameters, comparing space and ground-based telescopes and emphasizing the importance of targeted follow-up for fainter systems.

Contribution

It systematically evaluates the imaging requirements for high-precision lens modeling across various current and future telescopes, highlighting the feasibility of follow-up observations with upcoming facilities.

Findings

Survey data suffices for bright lens systems, meeting precision goals.

Follow-up with JWST, Keck AO, and TMT is practical for fainter systems.

Targeted imaging follow-up is essential for optimal cosmological constraints.

Abstract

Lens time delays are a powerful probe of cosmology, provided that the gravitational potential of the main deflector can be modeled with sufficient precision. Recent work has shown that this can be achieved by detailed modeling of the host galaxies of lensed quasars, which appear as "Einstein Rings" in high resolution images. We carry out a systematic exploration of the high resolution imaging required to exploit the thousands of lensed quasars that will be discovered by current and upcoming surveys with the next decade. Specifically, we simulate realistic lens systems as imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), and ground based adaptive optics images taken with Keck or the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). We compare the performance of these pointed observations with that of images taken by the Euclid (VIS), Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) and Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) surveys. We use as our metric the precision with which the slope $\gamma'$ of the total mass density profile $\rho_{tot}\propto r^{-\gamma'}$ for the main deflector can be measured. Ideally, we require that the statistical error on $\gamma'$ be less than 0.02, such that it is subdominant to other sources of random and systematic uncertainties. We find that survey data will likely have sufficient depth and resolution to meet the target only for the brighter gravitational lens systems, comparable to those discovered by the SDSS survey. For fainter systems, that will be discovered by current and future surveys, targeted follow-up will be required. However, the exposure time required with upcoming facilitites such as JWST, the Keck Next Generation Adaptive Optics System, and TMT, will only be of order a few minutes per system, thus making the follow-up of hundreds of systems a practical and efficient cosmological probe.