Modulational Instability in the Whitham Equation with Surface Tension and Vorticity

TL;DR

This paper investigates the stability of periodic water wave models incorporating surface tension and vorticity, revealing conditions under which waves are stable or unstable, with results aligning with numerical and analytical methods.

Contribution

It introduces a modified Whitham equation accounting for surface tension and vorticity, analyzing modulational stability and instability conditions for small amplitude waves.

Findings

Large surface tension leads to instability for wave numbers above a critical value.

Weak surface tension results in alternating stable and unstable wave number intervals.

High vorticity can stabilize waves that are otherwise unstable.

Abstract

We study modulational stability and instability in the Whitham equation, combining the dispersion relation of water waves and a nonlinearity of the shallow water equations, and modified to permit the effects of surface tension and constant vorticity. When the surface tension coefficient is large, we show that a periodic traveling wave of sufficiently small amplitude is unstable to long wavelength perturbations if the wave number is greater than a critical value, and stable otherwise, similarly to the Benjamin-Feir instability of gravity waves. In the case of weak surface tension, we find intervals of stable and unstable wave numbers, whose boundaries are associated with the extremum of the group velocity, the resonance between the first and second harmonics, the resonance between long and short waves, and a resonance between dispersion and the nonlinearity. For each constant vorticity we show that a periodic traveling wave of sufficiently small amplitude is unstable if the wave number is greater than a critical value, and stable otherwise. Moreover it can be made stable for a sufficiently large vorticity. The results agree with those based upon numerical computations or formal multiple-scale expansions for the physical problem.