Quadrature squeezed photons from a two-level system

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the observation of quadrature squeezing in resonance fluorescence photons emitted by an artificial atom, achieving a 3% reduction below vacuum fluctuations while maintaining antibunching, a significant advance in quantum optics.

Contribution

The study reports the first observation of quadrature squeezing in single resonance fluorescence photons from an artificial atom with enhanced detection efficiency.

Findings

Electric field quadrature variance is 3% below vacuum fluctuations.

Photon statistics remain antibunched despite squeezing.

Artificial atom enables significant improvement in photon detection rate.

Abstract

Resonance fluorescence arises from the interaction of an optical field with a two-level system and has played a fundamental role in the development of quantum optics and its applications. Despite its conceptual simplicity it entails a wide range of intriguing phenomena, such as the Mollow-triplet emission spectrum and coherent photon emission. One fundamental aspect of resonance fluorescence, reduced quantum fluctuations in the single photon stream from an atom in free space, was predicted more than 30 years ago. However, the requirement to operate in the weak excitation regime, together with the combination of modest oscillator strength of atoms and low collection efficiencies, has continued to cast stringent experimental conditions for the observation of squeezing with atoms. Attempts to circumvent these issues had to sacrifice antibunching due to either stimulated forward scattering from atomic ensembles or multiphoton transitions inside optical cavities. Here, we use an artificial atom with a large optical dipole enabling 100-fold improvement of the photon detection rate over the natural atom counterpart and reach the necessary conditions for the observation of quadrature squeezing in single resonance-fluorescence photons. Implementing phase-dependent homodyne intensity-correlation detection, we demonstrate that the electric field quadrature variance of resonance fluorescence is 3\% below the fundamental limit set by vacuum fluctuations, while the photon statistics remain antibunched. The presence of squeezing and antibunching simultaneously is a fully nonclassical outcome of the wave-particle duality of photons.